Seminar On Measurement Of Flow

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured in a variety of ways. Positive-displacement flow meters accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow. Other flow measurement methods rely on forces produced by the flowing stream as it overcomes a known constriction, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area.

Flow measurement is critical to determine the amount of material purchased and sold, and in these applications, very accurate flow measurement is required.  In addition, flows throughout the process should the regulated near their desired values with small variability; in these applications, good reproducibility is usually sufficient.  Flowing systems require energy, typically provided by pumps and compressors, to produce a pressure difference as the driving force, and flow sensors should introduce a small flow resistance, increasing the process energy consumption as little as possible.  Most flow sensors require straight sections of piping before and after the sensor; this requirement places restrictions on acceptable process designs, which can be partially compensated by straightening vanes placed in the piping.  The sensors discussed in this subsection are for clean fluids flowing in a pipe; special considerations are required for concentrated slurries, flow in an open conduit, and other process situations.

Several sensors rely on the pressure drop or head occurring as a fluid flows by a resistance; an example is given in Figure 1.  The relationship between flow rate and pressure difference is determined by the Bernoulli equation, assuming that changes in elevation, work and heat transfer are negligible.

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