Photoelectron Spectroscopy Seminar Report

Working and Applications Of Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Photoelectronspectroscopyisthemostpowerfulandversatiletechniquetostudytheelectronicstructureofthevalencebandsinatoms,such as:

> Emitte delectronparameters

> Kineticenergy

> Emissionangles

> Spinpolarization

> Incidentphotonparameters

> Photonenergy(hν)

> Angleofincidence

> Polarization

> Chemisorption Studies

XPS was developed in the mid 1960s by K. Siegbahn and his research group. K. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981 for his work in XPS. The phenomenon is based on the photoelectric effect outlined by Einstein in 1905 where the concept of the photon was used to describe the ejection of electrons from a surface when photons impinge upon it. For XPS, Al Kalpha (1486.6eV) or Mg Kalpha (1253.6eV) are often the photon energies of choice. Other X-ray lines can also be chosen such as Ti Kalpha (2040eV). The XPS technique is highly surface specific due to the short range of the photoelectrons that are excited from the solid. The energy of the photoelectrons leaving the sample are determined using a CHA and this gives a spectrum with a series of photoelectron peaks. The binding energy of the peaks are characteristic of each element. The peak areas can be used (with appropriate sensitivity factors) to determine the composition of the materials surface. The shape of each peak and the binding energy can be slightly altered by the chemical state of the emitting atom. Hence XPS can provide chemical bonding information as well. XPS is not sensitive to hydrogen or helium, but can detect all other elements. XPS must be carried out in UHV conditions.

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Introduction To Chemometrics:Application Of Chemometrics In Engineering

Chemometrics Seminar Report With PPT

Chemometrics is a data collection task, whether in science, business or engineering, typically involves many measurements made on many samples. Such multivariate data has traditionally been analyzed using one or two variables at a time. However, this approach misses the point; to discover the relationships among all samples and variables efficiently, we must process all of the data simultaneously. Enter chemometrics. Chemometrics is the field of extracting information from multivariate chemical data using tools of statistics and mathematics. Chemometrics is typically used for one or more of three primary purposes:

• To explore patterns of association in data;
• To track properties of materials on a continuous basis; and
• To prepare and use multivariate classification models.

Chemometrics is a natural partner for near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, but also finds application in many other analytical techniques. IM Publications has published a best-selling and widely referenced introduction: A User-Friendly Guide to Multivariate Calibration and Classification, witten by Tormod Næs, Tomas Isaksson, Tom Fearn and Tony Davies. All of the "4Ts" are not only experts in chemometrics, but also recognised for their ability to convey the important aspects in an easily comprehensible way, with minimal recourse to matrix algebra.

>Fundamentals Of Chemometrics

>History of chemometrics

>Application of chemometrics

>Illustration of chemometrics with examples

>Chemometrics In Engineering

>Chemometrics Softwares

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Seminar On Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants

Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants Seminar Report

Over the next 50 years, unless patterns change dramatically, energy production and use will contribute to global warming through large scale greenhouse gas emissions hundreds of billions of tonnes of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. Nuclear power could be one option for reducing carbon emissions. At present, however, this is unlikely: nuclear power faces stagnation and decline.This study analyzes what would be required to retain nuclear power as a significant option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and meeting

growing needs for electricity supply. Our analysis is guided by a global growth scenario that would expand current worldwide nuclear generating capacity almost threefold, to 1000 billion watts, by the year 2050. Such a deployment would avoid 1.8 billion tonnes of carbon emissions annually from coal plants, about 25% of the increment in carbon emissions otherwise expected in a business-as-usual scenario. This study also recommends changes in government policy and industrial practice needed in the relatively near term to retain an option for such an outcome.

>Nuclear Reactor Generations:A brief history

>Light Water Reactors

>High Temperature Reactors

>Fast Neutron Reactors

>The Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

>The IAEA program (INPRO)

>Advanced Nuclear Reactors

>Advances In Nuclear Power Generation

>New Generation Nuclear Power System

>Advanced Nuclear Waste Management System

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Polarography:Working and Application

Polarography Seminar Report

Polarography is the study of the electrolysis of solutions of electrooxidizable and electroreducible substances between a dropping mercury electrode (DME) and some reference electrode (RE) . The potential between these electrodes is varied and the consequent changes in the flow of current is measured.On plotting the changes in current flow versus the potential variation, one obtains an i - E curve known as polarogram. The first scientist who discovered the use of the DME in electrolysis is Jaroslave Heyrovsky in 1922 and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959.

>Working Principles of Polarography

>History and Invention of Polarography

>Application of Polarography in Engineering

>Polarography technique

>Other Voltametric analysis Systems

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Membrane Bioreactor:New Waste Water Treatment technology

Membrane Bioreactor Seminar Report

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) combine the use of biological processes and membrane technology to treat wastewater. Within one process unit, a high standard of treatment is achieved, replacing the conventional arrangement of aeration tank, settling tank and filtration that generally produces what is termed as a tertiary standard effluent. The dependence on disinfection is also reduced, since the membranes with pore openings, generally in the 0.1-0.5mm range, trap a significant proportion of pathogenic organisms. The more common MBR configuration is to have the membrane immersed in the waste water, although a side stream configuration is also possible, with the wastewater pumped through the membrane module and then returned to the bioreactor. Operating at a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of up to 20,000 mg/L and a sludge age of 30-60 days, MBRs offer additional advantages over conventional activated sludge plants, including a smaller footprint.

• Working of Membrane Bioreactor
• Applications of Membrane Bioreactor
• Advantages of Membrane Bioreactor
• Water Purification through Membrane Bioreactor technology

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Seminar On Self Healing Materials

Self Healing Materials Seminar Report 

Materials that respond to damage and restore their own mechanical integrity have a wide range of applications. Self-healing polymers are one class of such materials. This presentation will provide an overview of current research in the field of self-healing polymers. There will be a particular focus on the chemical mechanisms underlying healing, especially radical, covalent and ionic chemical processes.Methods of mechanically testing and evaluating these materials will also be presented.

Degradation, damage, and failure are natural consequences for engineering material applications.Research has traditionally been focused on either the design of new materials with increased robustness, or the development of nondestructive evaluation methods for material inspection,yet all of these engineered materials eventually fail. In contrast, biological systems approach this same dilemma in an elegant fashion – self-healing. Self-healing materials exhibit the ability to repair themselves and recover functionality using only the resources inherently available to them. In selfhealing materials, the recovery process is triggered autonomously via damage to the material.This novel class of self-healing materials offers an exciting new route towards safer, longer-lasting products and components.

• Production of Self Healing Materials 
• Principles behind Self Healing Materials 
• Application of Self Healing Materials 
• Need of Self Healing Materials 
• Self Healing Materials a new generation technology

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Seminar On Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy Seminar Report and PPT

Fluorescence is a spectrochemical method of analysis where the molecules of the analyte are excited by irradiation at a certain wavelength and emit radiation of a different wavelength. The emission spectrum provides information for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.When light of an appropriate wavelength is absorbed by a molecule (i.e., excitation), the electronic state of the molecule changes from the ground state to one of many vibrational levels in one of the excited electronic states. The excited electronic state is usually the first excited singlet state.Once the molecule is in this excited state, relaxation can occur via several processes. Fluorescence is one of these processes and results in the emission of light.

1. Excitation and Emission Spectra of Fluorescein
2. Cell Handling
3. Emission Spectrum
4. Excitation Spectrum
5. Inner Filter Effect
6. Bandwidth Effect on the Quality of the Spectrum
7. Analysis of Quinine in Tonic Water- Calibration Curve Method

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Non Destructive Testing Of Composite Materials

Seminar On NDT of Composite Materials

 Non-destructive testing (NDT) of composite materials can be expected to differ from that of metallic materials because composites differ markedly from metals and their

alloys. |n particular, composites are highly anisotropic,they exhibit low thermal conductivity, high acoustic attenuation,and poor electrical conductivity. As well, high performance metallic structures are conventionally made from material which is relatively free from unwanted defects,and in-service failures tend to originate from crack initiation at identifiable defects and occur after crack propagation.Hence Nor procedures can be based on the detection location of growing cracks, the importance of which can be determined using fracture mechanics. No similar predominant failure process has yet been identified for composite material, no procedure similar to fracture mechanics has been developed and many of the NOT needs are as yet not clearly defined.This review deals firstly with those NDT procedures which are reasonably well established for composite materials and which seek identifiable features believed to be of importance. Developments in additional techniques are then evaluated. Finally, techniques which show promise of development as predictors of failure, eg acoustic emission, are examined.

• X-radiography
• Ultrasonic C-scan
• Neutron Radiography
• Optical holography
• Acoustic holography
• Quality Controlling Of Composite Materials

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Production Of Fuel From Waste Plastics By Pyrolysis

Fuel from waste plastics Seminar Report and PPT

Plastic have become an integral part of our lives. Since plastics are relatively low cost and being easily available have brought a use and throw away culture. Each year more than 100 million tones of plastics are produced worldwide because of use and throw culture so plastics waste management has become a problem worldwide. In this paper, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels are explained which a solution for recycling of plastics. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, fractional distillations to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil, furnace oil traction and coke. The process of waste plastic into fuels can literally change the economic scenario of our country. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste.

Since Plastics are chemically inert polymers, they won’t degrade naturally. Pyrolysis is an effective method to handle plastic wastes. it is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Plastic & Rubber waste is continuously treated in a cylindrical chamber and the pyrolytic gases are condensed in a specially-designed condenser system.This yields a hydrocarbon distillate comprising straight and branched chain aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting mixture is essentially the equivalent to petroleum distillate. The plastic / Rubber is pyrolised at 370ºC -420ºC and the pyrolysis gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate.

Production of fuel from waste

What is Pyrolysis
Application of pyrolisis
Production of Petrol from pyrolysis
Types Of Pyrolysis Technique
Commercial technology (CFFLS pyrolysis technology)
Random Depolimeraisation
Advantages and Applications Of Pyrolisis

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