Photoelectron Spectroscopy Seminar Report

Working and Applications Of Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Photoelectronspectroscopyisthemostpowerfulandversatiletechniquetostudytheelectronicstructureofthevalencebandsinatoms,such as:

> Emitte delectronparameters

> Kineticenergy

> Emissionangles

> Spinpolarization

> Incidentphotonparameters

> Photonenergy(hν)

> Angleofincidence

> Polarization

> Chemisorption Studies

XPS was developed in the mid 1960s by K. Siegbahn and his research group. K. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981 for his work in XPS. The phenomenon is based on the photoelectric effect outlined by Einstein in 1905 where the concept of the photon was used to describe the ejection of electrons from a surface when photons impinge upon it. For XPS, Al Kalpha (1486.6eV) or Mg Kalpha (1253.6eV) are often the photon energies of choice. Other X-ray lines can also be chosen such as Ti Kalpha (2040eV). The XPS technique is highly surface specific due to the short range of the photoelectrons that are excited from the solid. The energy of the photoelectrons leaving the sample are determined using a CHA and this gives a spectrum with a series of photoelectron peaks. The binding energy of the peaks are characteristic of each element. The peak areas can be used (with appropriate sensitivity factors) to determine the composition of the materials surface. The shape of each peak and the binding energy can be slightly altered by the chemical state of the emitting atom. Hence XPS can provide chemical bonding information as well. XPS is not sensitive to hydrogen or helium, but can detect all other elements. XPS must be carried out in UHV conditions.

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Seminar On Self Healing Materials

Self Healing Materials Seminar Report 

Materials that respond to damage and restore their own mechanical integrity have a wide range of applications. Self-healing polymers are one class of such materials. This presentation will provide an overview of current research in the field of self-healing polymers. There will be a particular focus on the chemical mechanisms underlying healing, especially radical, covalent and ionic chemical processes.Methods of mechanically testing and evaluating these materials will also be presented.

Degradation, damage, and failure are natural consequences for engineering material applications.Research has traditionally been focused on either the design of new materials with increased robustness, or the development of nondestructive evaluation methods for material inspection,yet all of these engineered materials eventually fail. In contrast, biological systems approach this same dilemma in an elegant fashion – self-healing. Self-healing materials exhibit the ability to repair themselves and recover functionality using only the resources inherently available to them. In selfhealing materials, the recovery process is triggered autonomously via damage to the material.This novel class of self-healing materials offers an exciting new route towards safer, longer-lasting products and components.

• Production of Self Healing Materials 
• Principles behind Self Healing Materials 
• Application of Self Healing Materials 
• Need of Self Healing Materials 
• Self Healing Materials a new generation technology

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Non Destructive Testing Of Composite Materials

Seminar On NDT of Composite Materials

 Non-destructive testing (NDT) of composite materials can be expected to differ from that of metallic materials because composites differ markedly from metals and their

alloys. |n particular, composites are highly anisotropic,they exhibit low thermal conductivity, high acoustic attenuation,and poor electrical conductivity. As well, high performance metallic structures are conventionally made from material which is relatively free from unwanted defects,and in-service failures tend to originate from crack initiation at identifiable defects and occur after crack propagation.Hence Nor procedures can be based on the detection location of growing cracks, the importance of which can be determined using fracture mechanics. No similar predominant failure process has yet been identified for composite material, no procedure similar to fracture mechanics has been developed and many of the NOT needs are as yet not clearly defined.This review deals firstly with those NDT procedures which are reasonably well established for composite materials and which seek identifiable features believed to be of importance. Developments in additional techniques are then evaluated. Finally, techniques which show promise of development as predictors of failure, eg acoustic emission, are examined.

• X-radiography
• Ultrasonic C-scan
• Neutron Radiography
• Optical holography
• Acoustic holography
• Quality Controlling Of Composite Materials

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Seminar On Conducting Polymers And Applications

CONDUCTING POLYMERS SEMINAR REPORT AND PPT

Polymers (plastics) are known to have good insulating properties and are among the most used materials in the modern world. However, it has been discovered that there are some polymers which have conducting properties. Conducting polymers are polymer materials with metallic and semiconductor characteristics,a combination of properties not exhibited by any other known material. A key property of a conductive polymer is the presence of conjugated double bonds along the backbone of the polymer. In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms are alternately single and double.

Since the electrons in a conjugated system are only loosely bound, electron flow may be possible. Every bond contains a localized “sigma” bond which forms a strong chemical bond.In addition, every double bond also contains a less strongly localized “pi” bond which is weaker. These enable the electrons to be delocalized over the whole system and so be shared by many atoms. This means that the delocalized electrons may move around the whole system. However, conjugation is not enough to make the polymer material conductive. In addition,the polymer material needs to be doped for electron flow to occur. Doping is either the addition of electrons (reduction reaction) or the removal of electrons (oxidation reaction) from the polymer.

Seminar Report Consists Of

>What is Conducting Polymer

>How Polymer become conducting

>Production of Conducting Polymer

>Chemical properties of Conducting Polymer

>Why Conducting Polymers
>Physical properties of conducting polymers

>How polymers conducting electricity 

>Doping in polymers

>How Conducting Polymers works

>Applications Od Conducting Polymers

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Seminar On Google Project Glass

Project Glass is the name for Google’s ambitious product that looks to further bridge the gap between the humans and technology via augmented reality. It’s basically a head-mounted device that looks like a pair of trendy glasses and lets you stay connected with the virtual world as you go about tour daily routine using voice commands, or an integrated touchpad. It also comes with a 1-inch display.Once you connect to Wi-Fi, Project Glass will allow you to use features like accessing map directions, send messages, and even let you into Google Hangout video chats. The device comes with an integrated camera that lets you take pictures as well as record videos which canthen be shared in an instant.

Project Glass, the futuristic and ambitious project from Google, aims to in further bridge the gap between technology and the day-to-day life. If it takes off the way it is intended to, it could well be a glimpse of things are going to be in the future. It has opened up the possibilities of a whole new mobile computing world beyond that of the tablets and smartphones.The device, that first appeared in April 2012, was finally unveiled at Google’s I/O 2012 conference by Google co-founder Sergey Brin. The Explorer Edition of the device was displayed here for everyone to get a detailed look at.For those hearing about the device for the first time, Google Glass lets users take pictures, send messages and emails and look up navigation directions without having to reach for their smartphones or tablet devices. Instead, the ultra light-weight Google device that is worn like a regular glass, projects digital content on a transparent display just above the user’s line of
vision- reminds you of the Hollywood Sci-Fi movies, doesn’t it?

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Seminar On 3D TV And 3D Image Processing

SEMINAR ON 3D TV

Our left eye and right eye are two separate lenses, registering two differently-angled images of the mouse, which are then sent to your brain. The brain then acts as the ‘image processor’, putting the two pictures together to come up with one three-dimensional picture in your mind. In computers, 3-D (three dimensions or three-dimensional) describes an image that provides the perception of depth. 3-D Technology has a vision of the future that is a quantum leap beyond current display hardware. It is working to integrate a volumetric display that can satisfy the visualization needs of industries as diverse as military, medicine, science, engineering, education, and entertainment. 3-D image creation can be viewed as a three-phase process of: tessellation , geometry , and rendering 3-D Studio MAX, Softimage 3D, and Visual Reality. The Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML ) allows the creator to specify images and the rules for theirs display and interaction using textual language statements

This Paper Consists of

Stereoscopy
3-D image processing on integral imaging
3-D Conformal Radiology
3-D Printing
3-D Television
Digital 3-D
3-D Cameras

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GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

SEMINAR ON GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

Geothermal power is power extracted from heat stored in the Earth.This Geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy observed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient times, but is now better cost effective, reliable,environmental friendly. The only problem is that it is limited to areas near tectonic plate

boundaries. The natural heat in the earth has manifested itself for thousands tears in the form of volcanoes, lava, hut springs, and geysers.In this paper various geothermal sources and their utilization for producing electricity is studied. The various geothermal sources are hydrothermal, geopressurised and petro thermal systems. Of these the hydrothermal systems are mainly used in geothermal power plants. Hydrothermal systems are further classified into vapor dominated systems and liquid dominated systems. Single flash geothermal power plant and double flash geothermal power plant are the two type’s power plants working on liquid dominated system. The environmental impact and economics of geothermal power plants is also mentioned in this paper. It also constitutes a comparison between geothermal power plants and conventional thermal power plants. Also different geothermal power plants around the world and scope of geothermal power plants in India is included.

In this paper a study of geothermal power and power plants using geothermal power is done. Geothermal power being a non convectional source of energy if conveniently used can generate an appreciable amount of energy. The two major types of geothermal power plants are vapor dominated system and liquid dominated system. Other applications of geothermal power include space heating, district heating, for melting snow on roads and pavements etc…

Of the total geothermal based electricity generation worldwide, 25% comes from double flash geothermal powerplants.In this paper, a hypothetical double flash power plant is examined, and first and second flashing pressures are optimized.Performance analysis is then performed by exergy and energy concepts. Main energy losses are taking place in the condenser, low pressure turbine and with waste fluids.Energy losses percentages in these places are 22.3, 14, and 17.4 respectively. These sections are the heat losses areas in power plant. Geothermal energy is one of the renewable resources that has practically no intermittency, has the highest energy density, and economically not far removed from convectional technologies. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable because the earth’s interior is and will continue the process of cooling for the indefinite future.Hence geothermal energy from the earth’s interior is almost as inexhaustible as solar or wind energy, so long as its sources are actively sought and economically tapped.Geothermal based electricity generation is exposed to continue to increase in the next few years all over the world because of the privatization of construction and operation of geothermal power plants in many countries.

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NANO TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Seminar On Nanotechnology and Cancer Treatment-Report and PPT

Cancer is caused by damage of genes which control the growth and division of cells. Detection/diagnose/treatment is possible by confirming the growth of the cells and treated by rectifying the damaging mechanism of the genes or by stopping the blood supply to the cells or by destroying it. Conventional detection of the cancer is done by observing the physical growth/changes in the organ by X-rays and/or CT Scans and is confirmed by biopsy through cell culture. However, the limitation of these methods is that these are not very sensitive and the detection is possible only after substantial growth of the cancerous cells. Nano Particles (NP) being of a few of nano meters size and the cells being of the size of few microns, NP can enter inside the cells and can access the DNA molecules/Genes and therefore, there is a

possibility that the defect in the genes can be detected. The conventional treatment options of cancer are surgery, radiation therapy and chemo therapy. However, all the these methods have their own limitations (in surgery one loses the organ and the cancer may appear again, in radiation therapy even the healthy cells get burnt, cancerous cells burning is not uniform and the burnt part may become dead and non functional, in chemotherapy treatment is harmful to healthy cells, approach is gross and rarely successful if the cancer is in advanced stage).In the nanotechnology methods, certain NP can be designed to absorb preferentially certain wave length of radiation and if they enters in the cancerous cells, they will burn them. Nanotechnology can be used to create therapeutic agents that target specific cells and deliver toxin to kill them.The NP will circulate through the body, detect cancer associated molecular changes, assist with imaging, release a therapeutic agent and then monitor the effectiveness of the intervention.In this paper, the details of these possible detection/ diagnose/ treatment methods of nanotechnology are presented. In addition the toxic effects of NP and their regulatory aspects are also discussed.

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Seminar On Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology

Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology Seminar Presentation

Private and public research efforts worldwide are developing nanoproducts aimed at improving health care and advancing medical research. Some of these products have entered the marketplace,more are on the verge of doing so, and others remain more a vision that a reality. The potential for these innovations is enormous,but questions remain about their longterm safety and the risk–benefit characteristics of their usage.

Since 2000, when former President Bill Clinton announced the founding of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), governments in Europe, Japan, and other Asian nations have responded with competitive investments in national nanoprograms. The European Commission, a body of the European

Union (EU) that funds about 24% of the publicly financed research in the EU, and the Union’s 15 member nations will spend about $180 million (200 million euros) on nanotechnology in 2002. The NNI budget for fiscal year (FY) 2002 is $604 million, including $40.8 million for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). For

FY 2003, proposed budgets amount to $710.2 million in the United States and between $270 and $315 million in the EU. Definitions of nanotechnology are as diverse as the applications that are available. Rolf Allenspach, who leads research on the physics of nanoscale systems at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Switzerland, defines nanotechnology as “the ability to design and control the structure of an object at all length scales from the atom up to macro scale.” George Robillard, director of the Biological Materials and Devices (BIOMADE) research center at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands, has a more focused definition: “The core of nanotechnologyconsists of systems in the size range of nanometers,” he says. “You could say a drug-delivery system is nanotechnology. We are concerned with the organization of molecules in larger functional complexes,  for example a complex that can deliver protein to a certain site in the body.”

Three applications of nanotechnology are particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic

techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants. Interest is booming in biomedical applications for use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on new drugs. For inside the body,

many companies are developing nanotechnology applications for anticancer drugs,implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy.Other researchers are working on prostheses and implants that include nanostructured materials.

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Application Of Nanotechnology In Healthcare

Seminar on Nanotechnology In Healthcare-slide presentation and report

Nanotechnology has the potential to make a significant impact on healthcare by delivering step-changes in disease diagnosis and monitoring, implants and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, as well as research tools for drug discovery and biomedical science.Exploiting the different and enhanced properties that nanoscale materials exhibit due for example to increased relative surface area, the emergence of quantum effects and nanoscale interactions with biological systems – presents challenges and opportunities for scientists, engineers and wider society.The very properties that make nanomaterials so exciting, such as increased reactivity and the potential to cross cell membranes, may also have negative environment, health and safety (EHS) impacts.

In addition, advances in healthcare technologies may also change social relationships in ways that pose ethical issues. For instance, technologies can change the relationship between patient and doctor issues, redefining the distinction between experts and patients. They can also precipitate more complex changes: from which diseases are prioritised and who gains access to treatments; to transforming our understanding of what it is to be human, through the use of novel technologies for enhancement.For nanotechnologies to make a positive impact on our lives, as well as funding the best science, setting research priorities also entails having to consider this wider context - to reflect on different potential outcomes for society.This project was developed to enable the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to take account of a wide set of societal views and inform nanotechnology research trajectories for healthcare - creating a space

through which citizens, scientists and stakeholders can engage in an informed debate on the public value, ethics and applications at an early stage.Specifically, it forms part of a range of consultation activities providing intelligence to inform the EPSRC in developing a Grand Challenge call for proposals under the cross Research Council programme Nanoscience through Engineering to Application. This is for large-scale, integrated research projects to exploit nanotechnology in the healthcare domain.

In the near term, the most important clinical applications of nanotechnology are likely to be in pharmaceutical

development. There are already an astonishing number of emerging applications.These applications either take advantage of the unique properties of nanoparticles as drugs or components of drugs per se or are designed for new  approaches to controlled release, drug targeting, and salvage of drugs with low bioavailability. For example, nanoscale polymer capsules can be designed to break down and release

drugs at controlled rates and to allow differential release in certain environments, such as an acid milieu, to promote uptake in tumors versus normal tissues. Substantial research is now designed for creating novel polymers and exploring specific drug-polymer combinations.

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Application Of Nanotechnology in Construction Engineering

Significance of Nanotechnology in Civil and Construction Engineering

Nanotechnology is a field that is dominated by developments in basic physics and chemistry research where phenomena on atomic and molecular level are used to provide materials and structures that perform tasks that are not possible using the materials in their typical macroscopic form. The evolution of technology

and instrumentation as well as its related scientific areas such as physics and chemistry are making the research on nanotechnology aggressive and evolutional.Not surprisingly, it is observed that expenditure on

nanotechnology research is significant. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) expenditures exceed $1billion each year, with the President’s 2008 budget for NNI at $1.5 billion. However, the research is mainly moving forward motivated by immediate profitable return generated by high value commercial products.It has been established by study, nanotechnology in construction ranked 8 of 10 applications that most likely have impact in the developing world.Nanotechnology covers the design, construction and utilization of functional structures with at least one

characteristic dimension measured in nanometers.The field of nanotechnology has developed in major leaps

during the past 10 years. These developments were mainly driven by factors such as dedicated initiatives in

the field (e.g. the National Nanotechnology Initiative) improvements in characterization equipment and a new

understanding into the chemistry and physics of matter on the nanoscale. Nanoscale science can be divided into three broad areas, e.g. nanostructures, nanofabrication and nanocharacterization with typical applications in nanoelectronics and life sciences & energy.

This article examines the potential areas where nanotechnology can benefit construction engineering.The data and information collected is from current literature. The purpose is to point out clear cut direction

among the nanotechnology development areas where the construction process would immediately harness

nanotechnology, by specifying clear recommendations.The information would be beneficial to both construction engineering education and research.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, detailed applications of nanotechnogy in construction engineering/industry are presented. Section III,presents the future challenges and directions. Finally,concluding remarks are offered in Section IV.

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Seminar On Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every end-use energy need. The fuel

cell  an energy conversion device that can efficiently capture and use the power of hydrogen — is the key to making it happen. Stationary fuel cells can be used for backup power, power for remote locations,

distributed power generation,and cogeneration (in which excess heat released during electricity generation

is used for other applications). Fuel cells can power almost any portable application that typically uses batteries, from hand-held devices to portable generators.

Fuel cells can power almost any portable application that typically uses batteries, from hand-held devices to

portable generators. Fuel cells can also power our transportation,including personal vehicles,trucks, buses, marine vessels, and other specialty vehicles such as lift trucks and ground support equipment,as well as provide auxiliary power to traditional transportation technologies.Hydrogen can play a particularly important role in the future by replacing the imported petroleum we currently use in our cars and trucks.

Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are not only pollution-free, but they can also have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies.A conventional combustion-based power plant typically generates electricity at efficiencies of 33-35%, while fuel cell systems can generate electricity at efficiencies up to 60% (and even higher with cogeneration).The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into power that moves the vehicle, under normal driving conditions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 40-60% of the fuel’s energy corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine.In addition, fuel cells operate quietly,have fewer moving parts, and are well suited to a variety of applications.

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