Photoelectron Spectroscopy Seminar Report

Working and Applications Of Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Photoelectronspectroscopyisthemostpowerfulandversatiletechniquetostudytheelectronicstructureofthevalencebandsinatoms,such as:

> Emitte delectronparameters

> Kineticenergy

> Emissionangles

> Spinpolarization

> Incidentphotonparameters

> Photonenergy(hν)

> Angleofincidence

> Polarization

> Chemisorption Studies

XPS was developed in the mid 1960s by K. Siegbahn and his research group. K. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981 for his work in XPS. The phenomenon is based on the photoelectric effect outlined by Einstein in 1905 where the concept of the photon was used to describe the ejection of electrons from a surface when photons impinge upon it. For XPS, Al Kalpha (1486.6eV) or Mg Kalpha (1253.6eV) are often the photon energies of choice. Other X-ray lines can also be chosen such as Ti Kalpha (2040eV). The XPS technique is highly surface specific due to the short range of the photoelectrons that are excited from the solid. The energy of the photoelectrons leaving the sample are determined using a CHA and this gives a spectrum with a series of photoelectron peaks. The binding energy of the peaks are characteristic of each element. The peak areas can be used (with appropriate sensitivity factors) to determine the composition of the materials surface. The shape of each peak and the binding energy can be slightly altered by the chemical state of the emitting atom. Hence XPS can provide chemical bonding information as well. XPS is not sensitive to hydrogen or helium, but can detect all other elements. XPS must be carried out in UHV conditions.

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Seminar On Fusion Propulsion Engine

Fusion Propulsion Engine Seminar Report

Fusion-based nuclear propulsion has the potential to enable fast interplanetary transportation. Due to the great distances between the planets of our solar system and the harmful radiation environment of interplanetary space, high specific impulse (Isp) propulsion in vehicles with high payload mass fractions must be developed to provide practical and safe vehicles for human spaceflight missions.reactions that occur in the core of the sun. The enormous energy created from those reactions is expelled from the engine to provide thrust. Using this type of propulsion system, a spacecraft could speed to Mars in just about three months. It would take conventional rockets at least seven months to reach Mars.Fusion reactions release an enormous amount of energy, which is why researchers are devising ways to harness that energy into a propulsion system. A fusion-powered spacecraft could move up NASA's schedule for a manned Mars mission. This type of spacecraft could cut travel time to Mars by more than 50 percent, thus reducing the harmful exposure to radiation and weightlessness.The building of a fusion-powered spacecraft would be the equivalent of developing a car on Earth that can travel twice as fast as any car, with a fuel efficiency of 7,000 miles per gallon. In rocket science, fuel efficiency of a rocket engine is measured by its specific impulse. Specific impulse refers to the units of thrust per the units of propellant consumed over time.

>Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket

>Gas Dynamic Mirror Fusion Propulsion

>History of fusion for space propulsion

>Magnetic fusion fuels for space applications

>Fusion Reactor Designs for Space Applications

>VISTA ICF space-propulsion design

>FUSION PROPULSION Z-PINCH ENGINE

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The Future of Medical Robotics

FUTURE OF ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE

Robots are gaining acceptance in hospitals. Despite misgivings of skeptics who believe that “real” medical care will always be defined by the healing touch of hands-on caregivers, robots have started to prove their worth in one of the most labor-intensive sectors of the American economy. Machines that perform human tasks are now playing significant, even essential, roles in shaping the delivery of affordable and acceptable health care for the 21st century. Robots in clinical applications have moved from one-ofa- kind experimental devices to a variety of proven commercial products over the past decade.

The physical form of medical robots is currently defined by several distinct, integrated functional components assembled on a single physical platform that can be maneuvered in different vectors by a remote caregiver. The robot chassis will generally house computer components, telecommunications devices, video cameras and graphic interfaces (including monitors and printers) to convey visual information, and microphones and speakers to enable audible communications. At present, a fully functional medical robot includes components that emulate relevant human senses (with the exception of touch). The technologies should be interoperable over the public Internet, allowing the robot to be an active participant in the delivery of patient care.

• What Is Medical Robotics ?
• Current Clinical Applications of Robots
• Remote telesurgery
• Entirely computerized ICU
• Integrating Surgical Systems for Autonomy
• DARPA Controlled Biological Systems ProgramAnimatsMachine
• Capsule camera for gastrointestinal endoscopy
• Femtosecond Laser
• 
  
• Future Clinical Applications of Robots
• Issues Shaping the Future of Medical Robots
• Implications and Challenges for BSHSI

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Membrane Bioreactor:New Waste Water Treatment technology

Membrane Bioreactor Seminar Report

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) combine the use of biological processes and membrane technology to treat wastewater. Within one process unit, a high standard of treatment is achieved, replacing the conventional arrangement of aeration tank, settling tank and filtration that generally produces what is termed as a tertiary standard effluent. The dependence on disinfection is also reduced, since the membranes with pore openings, generally in the 0.1-0.5mm range, trap a significant proportion of pathogenic organisms. The more common MBR configuration is to have the membrane immersed in the waste water, although a side stream configuration is also possible, with the wastewater pumped through the membrane module and then returned to the bioreactor. Operating at a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of up to 20,000 mg/L and a sludge age of 30-60 days, MBRs offer additional advantages over conventional activated sludge plants, including a smaller footprint.

• Working of Membrane Bioreactor
• Applications of Membrane Bioreactor
• Advantages of Membrane Bioreactor
• Water Purification through Membrane Bioreactor technology

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Seminar On Self Healing Materials

Self Healing Materials Seminar Report 

Materials that respond to damage and restore their own mechanical integrity have a wide range of applications. Self-healing polymers are one class of such materials. This presentation will provide an overview of current research in the field of self-healing polymers. There will be a particular focus on the chemical mechanisms underlying healing, especially radical, covalent and ionic chemical processes.Methods of mechanically testing and evaluating these materials will also be presented.

Degradation, damage, and failure are natural consequences for engineering material applications.Research has traditionally been focused on either the design of new materials with increased robustness, or the development of nondestructive evaluation methods for material inspection,yet all of these engineered materials eventually fail. In contrast, biological systems approach this same dilemma in an elegant fashion – self-healing. Self-healing materials exhibit the ability to repair themselves and recover functionality using only the resources inherently available to them. In selfhealing materials, the recovery process is triggered autonomously via damage to the material.This novel class of self-healing materials offers an exciting new route towards safer, longer-lasting products and components.

• Production of Self Healing Materials 
• Principles behind Self Healing Materials 
• Application of Self Healing Materials 
• Need of Self Healing Materials 
• Self Healing Materials a new generation technology

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Seminar On Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy Seminar Report and PPT

Fluorescence is a spectrochemical method of analysis where the molecules of the analyte are excited by irradiation at a certain wavelength and emit radiation of a different wavelength. The emission spectrum provides information for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.When light of an appropriate wavelength is absorbed by a molecule (i.e., excitation), the electronic state of the molecule changes from the ground state to one of many vibrational levels in one of the excited electronic states. The excited electronic state is usually the first excited singlet state.Once the molecule is in this excited state, relaxation can occur via several processes. Fluorescence is one of these processes and results in the emission of light.

1. Excitation and Emission Spectra of Fluorescein
2. Cell Handling
3. Emission Spectrum
4. Excitation Spectrum
5. Inner Filter Effect
6. Bandwidth Effect on the Quality of the Spectrum
7. Analysis of Quinine in Tonic Water- Calibration Curve Method

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Production Of Fuel From Waste Plastics By Pyrolysis

Fuel from waste plastics Seminar Report and PPT

Plastic have become an integral part of our lives. Since plastics are relatively low cost and being easily available have brought a use and throw away culture. Each year more than 100 million tones of plastics are produced worldwide because of use and throw culture so plastics waste management has become a problem worldwide. In this paper, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels are explained which a solution for recycling of plastics. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, fractional distillations to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil, furnace oil traction and coke. The process of waste plastic into fuels can literally change the economic scenario of our country. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste.

Since Plastics are chemically inert polymers, they won’t degrade naturally. Pyrolysis is an effective method to handle plastic wastes. it is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Plastic & Rubber waste is continuously treated in a cylindrical chamber and the pyrolytic gases are condensed in a specially-designed condenser system.This yields a hydrocarbon distillate comprising straight and branched chain aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting mixture is essentially the equivalent to petroleum distillate. The plastic / Rubber is pyrolised at 370ºC -420ºC and the pyrolysis gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate.

Production of fuel from waste

What is Pyrolysis
Application of pyrolisis
Production of Petrol from pyrolysis
Types Of Pyrolysis Technique
Commercial technology (CFFLS pyrolysis technology)
Random Depolimeraisation
Advantages and Applications Of Pyrolisis

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Seminar On Construction And Design Of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

Earthquake Resistant House And Buildings Seminar Report and PPT

Earthquake is a major natural disaster which caused a lot of destruction in many areas of the world. There was a major earthquake in Quetta (capital of Baluchistan province, Pakistan) causing large scale destruction in 1935. But recently there was another major earthquake in Pakistan having a magnitude of 7.6 mw magnitude striking at 08:50 am Pakistan standard Time (PST, +05 GMT) in the morning of October 08, 2005. Its epicenter was located in the north of Muzaffarabad about 19-20 km and in the east of Balakot tehsil of district Mansehra. Its hypocenter was located at a depth of 16 km below the surface. Its main impact zone was in AJK and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. An area (mostly mountainous and rugged terrain) of about 30,000 sq. km approximately was affected by this earthquake. It damaged about 6,440 km roads. It damaged 50-70 % of services like power, water and sanitation etc. Approximately 400,153 houses, 6,298 schools and 796 health facilities were damaged and destroyed. UN 2006. Approximately 100,000 people were dead,around 138,000 people were seriously injured and 3.5 million people were displaced in this earthquake. ADB&WB, 2005. In the collapses of school buildings, about 19,000 children died. Many highways and important roads were blocked and closed due to damage by earthquake, landslides and rockslides. There is building code with seismic provisions, but it was not well implemented in earthquake affected area. In Japan, the building code and seismic design is well implemented in almost all building structures

This Seminar Report Consists Of

• Construction of Earthquake Resistant Buildings and Infrastructure
• Implementing Seismic Design and Building Code
• Seismic building Design
• Earthquake-Resistant Construction of Adobe Buildings: A Tutorial
• General Concepts of earthquake resistant building design
• Essentials of Earthquake Engineering for Architects and Engineers
• Eatrhquake resistant building slide presentation

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