Seminar On Fusion Propulsion Engine

Fusion Propulsion Engine Seminar Report

Fusion-based nuclear propulsion has the potential to enable fast interplanetary transportation. Due to the great distances between the planets of our solar system and the harmful radiation environment of interplanetary space, high specific impulse (Isp) propulsion in vehicles with high payload mass fractions must be developed to provide practical and safe vehicles for human spaceflight missions.reactions that occur in the core of the sun. The enormous energy created from those reactions is expelled from the engine to provide thrust. Using this type of propulsion system, a spacecraft could speed to Mars in just about three months. It would take conventional rockets at least seven months to reach Mars.Fusion reactions release an enormous amount of energy, which is why researchers are devising ways to harness that energy into a propulsion system. A fusion-powered spacecraft could move up NASA's schedule for a manned Mars mission. This type of spacecraft could cut travel time to Mars by more than 50 percent, thus reducing the harmful exposure to radiation and weightlessness.The building of a fusion-powered spacecraft would be the equivalent of developing a car on Earth that can travel twice as fast as any car, with a fuel efficiency of 7,000 miles per gallon. In rocket science, fuel efficiency of a rocket engine is measured by its specific impulse. Specific impulse refers to the units of thrust per the units of propellant consumed over time.

>Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket

>Gas Dynamic Mirror Fusion Propulsion

>History of fusion for space propulsion

>Magnetic fusion fuels for space applications

>Fusion Reactor Designs for Space Applications

>VISTA ICF space-propulsion design

>FUSION PROPULSION Z-PINCH ENGINE

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Seminar On Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants

Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants Seminar Report

Over the next 50 years, unless patterns change dramatically, energy production and use will contribute to global warming through large scale greenhouse gas emissions hundreds of billions of tonnes of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. Nuclear power could be one option for reducing carbon emissions. At present, however, this is unlikely: nuclear power faces stagnation and decline.This study analyzes what would be required to retain nuclear power as a significant option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and meeting

growing needs for electricity supply. Our analysis is guided by a global growth scenario that would expand current worldwide nuclear generating capacity almost threefold, to 1000 billion watts, by the year 2050. Such a deployment would avoid 1.8 billion tonnes of carbon emissions annually from coal plants, about 25% of the increment in carbon emissions otherwise expected in a business-as-usual scenario. This study also recommends changes in government policy and industrial practice needed in the relatively near term to retain an option for such an outcome.

>Nuclear Reactor Generations:A brief history

>Light Water Reactors

>High Temperature Reactors

>Fast Neutron Reactors

>The Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

>The IAEA program (INPRO)

>Advanced Nuclear Reactors

>Advances In Nuclear Power Generation

>New Generation Nuclear Power System

>Advanced Nuclear Waste Management System

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Heat Exchanger in Refrigeration Systems

Seminar in Refrigeration System

Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the

analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717

• Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
• Heat Exchanger Effect on Capacity Neglecting Mass Flow Rate Corrections
• Heat Exchanger Effect on Capacity with Mass Flow Rate Corrections
• Effect of Pressure Losses in the Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger
• Types of Heat Exchangers
• Heat Exhcjangers In Refrigeration

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COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR INNOVATIVE WIND TURBINE BLADES

The Wind Energy Technology Department at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) focuses on producing innovations in wind turbine blade technology to enable the development of longer blades that are lighter, more structurally and aerodynamically efficient, and impart reduced loads to the system. A large part of the effort is to characterize the properties of relevant composite materials built with typical manufacturing processes. This paper provides an overview of recent studies of composite laminates for wind turbine blade construction and summarizes test results for three prototype blades that incorporate a variety of material-related innovations.

KEY WORDS: Carbon Fiber Composites, Failure Criteria/Failure Mechanisms, Fatigue/Fatigue Resistance, Glass Fiber Composites, Prepreg Materials/Prepreg Properties, Resins/Materials Epoxy, Resins/Materials–Polyester/Vinyl Ester, Testing/Evaluation, Wind Turbine Blade Technology

>Composite Materials for the production of Turbine blades

>U.S. Installed, Utility-Grade Wind Energy Capacity

>Composite Materilas Power Point Presentation

>MSU COMPOSITE COUPON TESTING

>Summary of Issues and Conclusions

>Infused Fiberglass Fatigue Results

>Prepreg Carbon Fatigue Results

>Comparison of Fatigue Data for Prepreg and Infused Carbon Panels

>Fatigue Test Results and Analysis of turbine blade

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Composite For Turbine Blades PPT

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Seminar On MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION

MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION SEMINAR REPORT AND PPT 

The objective of this effort is to study the Magnetic Refrigeration which uses solid materials as the refrigerant. These materials demonstrate the unique property known as magneto caloric effect, which means that they increase and decrease in temperature when magnetized/demagnetized. This effect has been observed for many years and was used for cooling near absolute zero. Recently materials are being developed which have sufficient temperature and entropy change to make them useful for a wide range temperature applications. Magnetic refrigeration is an emerging technology that exploits the magnetocaloric effect found in solid state refrigerants. The combination of solid-state refrigerants, water based heat transfer fluids and high efficiency leads to environmentally desirable products with minimal contribution to global warming. Among the numerous application of refrigeration technology air conditioning applications provide the largest aggregate cooling power and use of the greatest quantity of electric energy. 

Seminar Report Includes

OBJECTIVES OF MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION
MAGNETO CALORIC EFFECT
WORKING PRINCIPLE
WORKING OF MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Magnetic Refrigeration system
Refrigerator Configuration
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Adiabatic Magnetization
Isomagnetic Enthalpy Transfer
Adiabatic demagnetization
Isomagnetic Entropic Transfer,etc

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CFD SIMULATION OF WELDPOOL AND DETERMINATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF HAZ

SEMINAR ON WELDING POOL CFD MODELING

The fundamental research in welding modeling began in 1942, but still the research is at a developing stage. developed so far by considering all these effects. Recently the models for prediction of microstructure are making use of convection models, but for predictions of thermal stress are still depending up in areas like distortion prediction, hot cracking etc accurate models are yet to be developed. The idea of computational welding mechanics is a new concept considering all the thermo mechanical and metallurgical effect during welding, and no model is on conduction models.The physics of the welding arc itself is quite intricate, and although the modeling of the arc is not the prime objective of this research project, we conclude that arc forces act on the pool surface, and that the investigation of the micro-structure is important in so far that it provides input to the pool model and thus enables a more accurate prediction of the quality of the weldment.

SEMINAR REPORT INCLUDES 

ARC WELDING 

PHYSICS OF ARC WELDING 

TIG WELDING 

VARIABLES AND PERFORMANCE MEASURE IN GTAW PROCESS 

TIG WELDING MODELING 

MODELING OF WELDING ARC 

HEAT DISTRIBUTION MODELS 

MODELING OF HEAT SOURCE 

MICROSTRUCTURE 

THE METALLURGY OF CARBON STEEL 

EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER OF ON WELDPOOL AND HAZ 

HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) 

WELDING SIMULATION 

FE MODELING 

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL 

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

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APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION

IRT for NDE is aimed at the discovery of subsurface features (such as subsurface thermal properties, presence of subsurface anomalies/defects), thanks to relevant temperature differences observed on the surface with an infrared (IR) camera. Figure 1 illustrates the general concept.IRT is deployed along two schemes, passive and active. The passive scheme tests materials and structures which are naturally at different (often higher) temperature than ambient while in the case of the active scheme, an external stimulus is necessary to induce relevant thermal contrasts(which are not available otherwise, e.g. specimen at uniform temperature prior to testing).The first law of thermodynamics concerns the principle of energy conservation and states that an important quantity of heat is released by any (industrial) process consuming energy because of the law of entropy. Temperature is thus an essential parameter to measure in order to assess proper operation. Common applications of the passive scheme in NDE are for buildings, components and processes, maintenance, medicine and properties evaluation. Table 1 lists recent reported applications.In these applications, abnormal temperature profiles indicate a potential problem relevant to detect. In passive thermography, the key words if the temperature difference with respect to the surrounding, often referred to as the ’delta-T’ or the “hot spot.” A delta-T of 1 to 2 °C is generally found suspicious while a 4°C value is a strong evidence of abnormal behavior. In most of the applications, passive thermography is rather qualitative since the goal is simply to pinpoint anomalies of the type go/no-go. These applications are generally based on empirical rules applied by experienced personal (know-how of the trade).Some investigations are however more sophisticated and provide quantitative measurements. In these cases, a direct thermal modeling is necessary.For instance in a reported application,such approach is proposed in the case of needles used to sew fabrics in the automobile industry (seat cushions and backs, airbags, etc.). In this study a model is developed to simulate the needle heating during high speed sewing. This help to better understand needle heating which is further confirmed by experimental measurements on the plant floor, Figure 2. Heating (up to100-300°C) comes from friction between the needle and the fabric and increases at high speed causing serious problems such as worn or broken thread, fabric scorching, tempering and weakening needle (sewing is performed in between 1000 to 3000 rpm). Understanding mechanisms of needle heating allows to take actions to optimize sewing operations through for instance needle redesign and needle cooling with significant economic and quality benefits due to the million of sewed products daily.

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Seminar On Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems

Use of cryogenic cooling by the Deep Space Network (DSN) includes both open-cycle refrigeration (OCR) and closed-cycle refrigeration (CCR) systems.The temperatures achieved by these systems range from 1.5 kelvins (K) to about 80 K, depending upon the type of system used. These cryogenic systems are used to cool low-noise preamplifiers and some of the antenna feed system components for the DSN’s receivers. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) was used to cool reference loads (resistive terminations) used for noise temperature

measurements, and liquid helium (LHe) was used to cool reference loads and antenna-mounted ruby masers. Russell B. Scott in Cryogenic Engineering explains many aspects of cryogenic technology in terms that are easily understood. Progress since 1959, has given us many types of CCR systems that can be used for cooling low-noise microwave amplifiers.Cryogenic refrigeration is a term that may be applied to the process of cooling equipment and components to temperatures below 150 K. The net capacity of a cryogenic refrigeration system at a particular temperature is the amount of heat that can be applied to a “cold station” in the system without warming the station above that particular temperature. The cold station may be a bath of cryogenic fluid, or the cold station may be a conductive surface cooled to the bath temperature to which equipment may be fastened.Cryogenic refrigeration systems are different from the refrigeration equipment we encounter in our everyday environment. The refrigerants used in cryogenic systems are often helium (He), hydrogen (H2), or nitrogen (N2).Insulation techniques used to minimize heat leaks into the cooled parts of the systems usually depend on the use of high-vacuum technology, radiation shields, and structural materials with low thermal conductivity. Systems that use stored cryogens such as liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, or liquid nitrogen in a container called a “dewar” are usually refilled on a periodic basis. Solidified gases (such as hydrogen or methane) can also be used for cooling purposes, much as solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is used to refrigerate perishable foods during shipment, but this has not been done in the DSN.Development of cryogenic refrigeration equipment and systems for laboratory, military, and commercial purposes began many years before development of the ruby masers and other low-noise equipment used in the DSN. This was fortunate, but the personnel developing the DSN’s low-noise amplifiers did not have all of the knowledge and expertise needed for developing or purchasing cryogenic equipment and systems. There was much

to be learned and many pitfalls to be avoided.

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GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

SEMINAR ON GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

Geothermal power is power extracted from heat stored in the Earth.This Geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy observed at the surface. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient times, but is now better cost effective, reliable,environmental friendly. The only problem is that it is limited to areas near tectonic plate

boundaries. The natural heat in the earth has manifested itself for thousands tears in the form of volcanoes, lava, hut springs, and geysers.In this paper various geothermal sources and their utilization for producing electricity is studied. The various geothermal sources are hydrothermal, geopressurised and petro thermal systems. Of these the hydrothermal systems are mainly used in geothermal power plants. Hydrothermal systems are further classified into vapor dominated systems and liquid dominated systems. Single flash geothermal power plant and double flash geothermal power plant are the two type’s power plants working on liquid dominated system. The environmental impact and economics of geothermal power plants is also mentioned in this paper. It also constitutes a comparison between geothermal power plants and conventional thermal power plants. Also different geothermal power plants around the world and scope of geothermal power plants in India is included.

In this paper a study of geothermal power and power plants using geothermal power is done. Geothermal power being a non convectional source of energy if conveniently used can generate an appreciable amount of energy. The two major types of geothermal power plants are vapor dominated system and liquid dominated system. Other applications of geothermal power include space heating, district heating, for melting snow on roads and pavements etc…

Of the total geothermal based electricity generation worldwide, 25% comes from double flash geothermal powerplants.In this paper, a hypothetical double flash power plant is examined, and first and second flashing pressures are optimized.Performance analysis is then performed by exergy and energy concepts. Main energy losses are taking place in the condenser, low pressure turbine and with waste fluids.Energy losses percentages in these places are 22.3, 14, and 17.4 respectively. These sections are the heat losses areas in power plant. Geothermal energy is one of the renewable resources that has practically no intermittency, has the highest energy density, and economically not far removed from convectional technologies. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable because the earth’s interior is and will continue the process of cooling for the indefinite future.Hence geothermal energy from the earth’s interior is almost as inexhaustible as solar or wind energy, so long as its sources are actively sought and economically tapped.Geothermal based electricity generation is exposed to continue to increase in the next few years all over the world because of the privatization of construction and operation of geothermal power plants in many countries.

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Seminar On Artificial Neural Network

SEMINAR ON ANN
Arti cial neural networks are, as their name indicates, computational networks which attempt to simulate, in a gross manner, the networks of nerve cell (neurons) of the biological (human or animal) central nervous system. This simulation is a gross cell-by-cell (neuron-by-neuron, element-by-element) simulation. It borrows from the neurophysiological knowledge of biological neurons and of networks of such biological neurons. It thus di ers from conventional (digital or analog) computing machines that serve to replace, enhance or speed-up human brain computation without regard to organization of the computing elements and of their networking.Still, we emphasize that the simulation a orded by neural networks is very gross.Why then should we view arti cial neural networks (denoted below as neural networks or ANNs) as more than an exercise in simulation? We must ask this question especially since, computationally (at least), a conventional digital computer can do everything that an arti cial neural network can do.The answer lies in two aspects of major importance. The neural network, by its simulating a biological neural network, is in fact a novel computer architecture and a novel algorithmization architecture relative to conventional computers.

It allows using very simple computational operations (additions, multiplication and fundamental logic elements) to solve complex, mathematically ill-de ned problems, nonlinear problems or stochastic problems. A conventional algorithm will employ complex sets of equations, and will apply to only a given problem and exactly to it. The ANN will be (a) computationally and algorithmically very simple and (b) it will have a self-organizing feature to allow it to hold for a wide range of problems.For example, if a house avoids an obstacle or if a mouse avoids a cat, it certainly solves no di erential equations on trajectories, nor does it employ complex pattern recognition algorithms. Its brain is very simple, yet it employs a few basic neuronal cells that fundamentally obey the structure of such cells in advanced animals and in man. The arti cial neural network's solution will also aim at such (most likely not the same) simplicity.

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