The Future of Medical Robotics

FUTURE OF ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE

Robots are gaining acceptance in hospitals. Despite misgivings of skeptics who believe that “real” medical care will always be defined by the healing touch of hands-on caregivers, robots have started to prove their worth in one of the most labor-intensive sectors of the American economy. Machines that perform human tasks are now playing significant, even essential, roles in shaping the delivery of affordable and acceptable health care for the 21st century. Robots in clinical applications have moved from one-ofa- kind experimental devices to a variety of proven commercial products over the past decade.

The physical form of medical robots is currently defined by several distinct, integrated functional components assembled on a single physical platform that can be maneuvered in different vectors by a remote caregiver. The robot chassis will generally house computer components, telecommunications devices, video cameras and graphic interfaces (including monitors and printers) to convey visual information, and microphones and speakers to enable audible communications. At present, a fully functional medical robot includes components that emulate relevant human senses (with the exception of touch). The technologies should be interoperable over the public Internet, allowing the robot to be an active participant in the delivery of patient care.

• What Is Medical Robotics ?
• Current Clinical Applications of Robots
• Remote telesurgery
• Entirely computerized ICU
• Integrating Surgical Systems for Autonomy
• DARPA Controlled Biological Systems ProgramAnimatsMachine
• Capsule camera for gastrointestinal endoscopy
• Femtosecond Laser
• 
  
• Future Clinical Applications of Robots
• Issues Shaping the Future of Medical Robots
• Implications and Challenges for BSHSI

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Iontophoresis Seminar Report With PPT

Basic Principles of Iontophoresis

Iontophoresis is a technique which uses an electric current to deliver a medicine or other chemical through the skin. In popular (lay) terms it is sometimes called "an injection without the needle". In the past it has sometimes been called Electromotive Drug Administration, though in modern therapy, this is a rarely employed term.

This is not a new technique - there is recorded iontophoresis activity way back to the 1700's, though most authorities agree that it was not until the work of Le Duc in the early 1900's that the technique really gained momentum, though its use since that time has been sporadic.

Formally, the modality can be defined thus : ". . . a non-invasive method of propelling high concentrations of a charged substance, (normally a medication or bioactive agent), transdermally by repulsive electromotive force using a small electrical charge applied to an iontophoretic chamber containing a similarly charged active agent and its vehicle". The term iontophoresis is simply defined as ion transfer (ionto = ion; phoresis = transfer).

Iontophoresis is used in therapy, but is not exclusive to this arena, and there are applications in medicine, dentistry, lab sciences and physiology. A literature search will quickly identify thousands of references, though only a relatively small proportion of them will be directly relevant to therapy type applications. There have been several reviews over the years.There are relatively few practitioners using iontophoresis in the UK, but in the USA it is a mainstream application. In Europe there are pockets of activity, and strong support from many practitioners. The use of iontophoresis worldwide is patchy - with areas of high use and areas where it is almost never employed.

IONTOPHORESIS is NOT the same as PHONOPHORESIS which involves driving ions across the skin with therapeutic ultrasound

This Seminar Kit Consists Of
>History OF Iontophoresis
>Equipments For Iontophoresis

>Working of Iontophoresis
>Applications of Iontophoresis
>Iontophoresis Slide Presentation


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3-D Real-virtual Worlds In Health And Healthcare

SEMINAR ON APPLICATION OF 3D SYSTEM

Today’s flat Web allows us to call up “flat” information; a 3-D virtual environment allows us to more naturally experience and visualise this information in real-time with others and also appreciate their presence around us.Virtual worlds are such an appealing concept to users primarily because of the social ‘co-presence’ of others in these worlds in a very realistic manner.

This seminar Includes 

>Real Potential of 3D system 

>3D System and modern world

>Application of 3D technology

>3D technology in helathcare

>3D technology in education 

>3D technology in space research 

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Seminar On Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgery are precision and miniaturization. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification. At present, surgical robots are not autonomous, but are always under the control of a surgeon. They are used as tools to extend the surgical skills of a trained surgeon.

Robotic surgery is different from minimally invasive surgery. Minimally invasive surgery (sometimes called laparoscopic surgery) is a general term for procedures that reduce trauma by performing operations through small ports rather than large incisions. Minimally invasive surgery is now commonplace for certain procedures. But until now, we haven't been able to use minimally invasive techniques for more complex operations. With our skilled surgeons and the robotic system, we can now use minimally invasive techniques in even the most complicated procedures like Cardiac surgery, Gastrointestinal surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Urology etc.In 1985 a robot, the PUMA 560, was used to place a needle for a hip replacement Intuitive Surgical System introduce the da Vinci Robot in 1995 and Computer Motion, AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system.. In 1988, the PROBOT was used to perform prostatic surgery in England. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems was introduced in 1992, and is a robot to mill out precise fittings in the surgery. In 2001, Marescaux used the Zeus robot to perform a surgery.

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NANO TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Seminar On Nanotechnology and Cancer Treatment-Report and PPT

Cancer is caused by damage of genes which control the growth and division of cells. Detection/diagnose/treatment is possible by confirming the growth of the cells and treated by rectifying the damaging mechanism of the genes or by stopping the blood supply to the cells or by destroying it. Conventional detection of the cancer is done by observing the physical growth/changes in the organ by X-rays and/or CT Scans and is confirmed by biopsy through cell culture. However, the limitation of these methods is that these are not very sensitive and the detection is possible only after substantial growth of the cancerous cells. Nano Particles (NP) being of a few of nano meters size and the cells being of the size of few microns, NP can enter inside the cells and can access the DNA molecules/Genes and therefore, there is a

possibility that the defect in the genes can be detected. The conventional treatment options of cancer are surgery, radiation therapy and chemo therapy. However, all the these methods have their own limitations (in surgery one loses the organ and the cancer may appear again, in radiation therapy even the healthy cells get burnt, cancerous cells burning is not uniform and the burnt part may become dead and non functional, in chemotherapy treatment is harmful to healthy cells, approach is gross and rarely successful if the cancer is in advanced stage).In the nanotechnology methods, certain NP can be designed to absorb preferentially certain wave length of radiation and if they enters in the cancerous cells, they will burn them. Nanotechnology can be used to create therapeutic agents that target specific cells and deliver toxin to kill them.The NP will circulate through the body, detect cancer associated molecular changes, assist with imaging, release a therapeutic agent and then monitor the effectiveness of the intervention.In this paper, the details of these possible detection/ diagnose/ treatment methods of nanotechnology are presented. In addition the toxic effects of NP and their regulatory aspects are also discussed.

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Seminar On Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology

Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology Seminar Presentation

Private and public research efforts worldwide are developing nanoproducts aimed at improving health care and advancing medical research. Some of these products have entered the marketplace,more are on the verge of doing so, and others remain more a vision that a reality. The potential for these innovations is enormous,but questions remain about their longterm safety and the risk–benefit characteristics of their usage.

Since 2000, when former President Bill Clinton announced the founding of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), governments in Europe, Japan, and other Asian nations have responded with competitive investments in national nanoprograms. The European Commission, a body of the European

Union (EU) that funds about 24% of the publicly financed research in the EU, and the Union’s 15 member nations will spend about $180 million (200 million euros) on nanotechnology in 2002. The NNI budget for fiscal year (FY) 2002 is $604 million, including $40.8 million for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). For

FY 2003, proposed budgets amount to $710.2 million in the United States and between $270 and $315 million in the EU. Definitions of nanotechnology are as diverse as the applications that are available. Rolf Allenspach, who leads research on the physics of nanoscale systems at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Switzerland, defines nanotechnology as “the ability to design and control the structure of an object at all length scales from the atom up to macro scale.” George Robillard, director of the Biological Materials and Devices (BIOMADE) research center at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands, has a more focused definition: “The core of nanotechnologyconsists of systems in the size range of nanometers,” he says. “You could say a drug-delivery system is nanotechnology. We are concerned with the organization of molecules in larger functional complexes,  for example a complex that can deliver protein to a certain site in the body.”

Three applications of nanotechnology are particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic

techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants. Interest is booming in biomedical applications for use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on new drugs. For inside the body,

many companies are developing nanotechnology applications for anticancer drugs,implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy.Other researchers are working on prostheses and implants that include nanostructured materials.

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Application Of Nanotechnology In Healthcare

Seminar on Nanotechnology In Healthcare-slide presentation and report

Nanotechnology has the potential to make a significant impact on healthcare by delivering step-changes in disease diagnosis and monitoring, implants and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, as well as research tools for drug discovery and biomedical science.Exploiting the different and enhanced properties that nanoscale materials exhibit due for example to increased relative surface area, the emergence of quantum effects and nanoscale interactions with biological systems – presents challenges and opportunities for scientists, engineers and wider society.The very properties that make nanomaterials so exciting, such as increased reactivity and the potential to cross cell membranes, may also have negative environment, health and safety (EHS) impacts.

In addition, advances in healthcare technologies may also change social relationships in ways that pose ethical issues. For instance, technologies can change the relationship between patient and doctor issues, redefining the distinction between experts and patients. They can also precipitate more complex changes: from which diseases are prioritised and who gains access to treatments; to transforming our understanding of what it is to be human, through the use of novel technologies for enhancement.For nanotechnologies to make a positive impact on our lives, as well as funding the best science, setting research priorities also entails having to consider this wider context - to reflect on different potential outcomes for society.This project was developed to enable the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to take account of a wide set of societal views and inform nanotechnology research trajectories for healthcare - creating a space

through which citizens, scientists and stakeholders can engage in an informed debate on the public value, ethics and applications at an early stage.Specifically, it forms part of a range of consultation activities providing intelligence to inform the EPSRC in developing a Grand Challenge call for proposals under the cross Research Council programme Nanoscience through Engineering to Application. This is for large-scale, integrated research projects to exploit nanotechnology in the healthcare domain.

In the near term, the most important clinical applications of nanotechnology are likely to be in pharmaceutical

development. There are already an astonishing number of emerging applications.These applications either take advantage of the unique properties of nanoparticles as drugs or components of drugs per se or are designed for new  approaches to controlled release, drug targeting, and salvage of drugs with low bioavailability. For example, nanoscale polymer capsules can be designed to break down and release

drugs at controlled rates and to allow differential release in certain environments, such as an acid milieu, to promote uptake in tumors versus normal tissues. Substantial research is now designed for creating novel polymers and exploring specific drug-polymer combinations.

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Seminar On Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every end-use energy need. The fuel

cell  an energy conversion device that can efficiently capture and use the power of hydrogen — is the key to making it happen. Stationary fuel cells can be used for backup power, power for remote locations,

distributed power generation,and cogeneration (in which excess heat released during electricity generation

is used for other applications). Fuel cells can power almost any portable application that typically uses batteries, from hand-held devices to portable generators.

Fuel cells can power almost any portable application that typically uses batteries, from hand-held devices to

portable generators. Fuel cells can also power our transportation,including personal vehicles,trucks, buses, marine vessels, and other specialty vehicles such as lift trucks and ground support equipment,as well as provide auxiliary power to traditional transportation technologies.Hydrogen can play a particularly important role in the future by replacing the imported petroleum we currently use in our cars and trucks.

Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are not only pollution-free, but they can also have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies.A conventional combustion-based power plant typically generates electricity at efficiencies of 33-35%, while fuel cell systems can generate electricity at efficiencies up to 60% (and even higher with cogeneration).The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into power that moves the vehicle, under normal driving conditions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 40-60% of the fuel’s energy corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine.In addition, fuel cells operate quietly,have fewer moving parts, and are well suited to a variety of applications.

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