SEMINAR ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

PRESSURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

What is fluid pressure? Fluid pressure can be defined as the measure of force per-unit-area exerted by a fluid, acting perpendicularly to any surface it contacts (a fluid can be either a gas or a liquid, fluid and liquid are not synonymous). The standard SI unit for pressure measurement is the Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to one Newton per square meter (N/m2) or the KiloPascal (kPa) where 1 kPa = 1000 Pa. In the English

system, pressure is usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure can be expressed in many different units including in terms of a height of a column of liquid. Table 1 lists commonly used units of pressure measurement and the conversion between the units.Pressure measurements can be divided into three different categories: absolute pressure, gage pressure and differential  pressure. Absolute pressure refers to the absolute value of the force per-unit-area exerted on a surface by a fluid. Therefore the absolute pressure is the difference between the pressure at a given point in a fluid and the absolute zero of pressure or

a perfect vacuum. Gage pressure is the measurement of the difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Local atmospheric pressure can vary depending on ambient temperature, altitude and local weather conditions. The U.S. standard atmospheric pressure at sea

 level and 59°F (20°C) is 14.696 pounds per square inchabsolute (psia) or 101.325 kPa absolute (abs). When referring to pressure measurement, it is critical to specify what reference the pressure is related to. In the English system of units, measurement relating the pressure to a reference is accomplished by specifying pressure in terms of pounds per square inch absolute (psia) or pounds per square inch gage(psig). For other units of measure it is important to specify gage or absolute. The abbreviation ‘abs’ refers to an absolute measurement. A gage pressure by convention is always positive. A ‘negative’ gage pressure is defined as vacuum.Vacuum is the measurement of the amount by which the local atmospheric pressure exceeds the absolute pressure. A perfect vacuum is zero absolute pressure.

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